Sound

Sound consists of two main forms diegetic sound which is already present in the film and non - diegetic sound which can be edited in. Sound is absolutely essential in any music video as this is the main reason for why people watch and listen to them, to gain a sense of art via different artists'. Sound, like footage can be edited to create different effects and variations to the normal vocals that we hear.

Sound Parallel is when the music matches the mood of the video. An example would be if the song was slow then the music video would also be sad. As well  if it was a sad song then the video would be also sad. Some music videos have diegetic sound, where they include sound from the surroundings, such as birds, police sirens that make the video seem more realistic. However, the music itself is non-diegetic sound.

Key Terms:

• Diegesis 
• Sound Scape
• Score (music)
• Diegetic
• Non-diegetic
• Volume control
• Dialogue

- Speech, language and accents

• Mode of address 
• Direct of address
• Voiceover 
• Ambient sound 
• Sound bridging (part of continually editing)
• Sound perspective
• Sound Effects

- Naturalistic vs un-naturalistic
- Foley

• Synchronous 
• Asynchronous
• Incidental musk
• Sound mouth

Set mood/atmosphere 

Romantic, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7xddcpYlz8

Thrilling, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCfWHqrYUgo

Heroic, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCjoOOrgVMM

Diegesis - a narrative or plot, typically in a film.
Soundscape - a piece of music considered in terms of its component sounds.


Score - The written or printed form of a composition in which the instrumental or vocal parts appear on separate staves vertically arranged on large pages full score or in a condensed version, usually for piano short score or voices and piano vocal score the incidental music for a film or play.

Diegetic -  In filmmaking, the term is used to name the story depicted on screen, as opposed to the story in real time that the screen narrative is about. Diegesis may concern elements, such as characters, events, and things within the main or primary narrative.

Non-diegetic -  sounds that have been added in, this can include things like music, a narration and sound effects. 

Volume control - Volume controlled continuous mandatory ventilation. a feature on audio equipment for adjusting the sound level; traditionally a potentiometer.

Dialogue - a conversation between two or more people as a feature of a book, play, or film. 

Mode of address - A genre is a semiotic code within which we are 'positioned' as 'ideal readers' through the use of particular 'modes of address'. Modes of address can be defined as the ways in which relations between addresser and addressee are constructed in a text.

Direct of address - the name of the person (normally) who is being directly spoken to. It is always a proper noun. It does not have any grammatical relationship to any part of the sentence. It is set off by commas.

Voiceover -  a piece of narration in a film or broadcast, not accompanied by an image of the speaker.

Ambient sound -  means the background sounds which are present in a scene or location. Common ambient sounds include wind, water, birds, crowds, office noises, traffic, etc. Ambient sound is very important in video and film work.

Sound bridging - type of sound editing that occurs when sound carries over a visual transition in a film. This type of editing provides a common transition in the continuity editing style because of the way in which it connects the mood, as suggested by the music, throughout multiple scenes.

Sound perspective - A sound's position in space as perceived by the viewer given by volume, timbre, and pitch. Previous definition Sound over. Next definition Sound Stage.

Sound Effects - a sound other than speech or music made artificially for use in a play, film, or other broadcast production.

Synchronous - existing or occurring at the same time.

Asynchronous - not existing or occurring at the same time.

Incidental musk - music used in a film or play as a background to create or enhance a particular atmosphere.

Mood Board

Shots are an important part of the music video they show you everything that is happening. There are so many shots for so many different things, an extreme close up would mostly be used to show emotion where as a long shot would be used to show what everyones doing.

I have selected these pictures of the artist because the songs they produce are some of my ideas for my final piece. It includes artists such as Bruno Mars, Eminem and Taylor Swift.

A huge part of a music video is the setting this could be from a plain room, to on the stage at a festival or even a beach. The setting is telling us where its based and can relate to a story they are trying to tell us e.g Route 24 with My Love is filmed in a night club, without the setting it wouldn't make sense.

These pictures above are relevant to the type of music video because the pictures are all from videos that are either narrative or performance based. I have done this on purpose so when I come to do my music video, my music video will be both performance and narrative based where the main singer will be singing in a dark room with a light on him. Some songs such as 'Read All About It, Professor Green' which has a very deep meaning to it and gives you an easy structure on where to film due to the lyrics telling in some ways a story of struggle.

Props

There are hundreds of props that could be used in a music video usually different genres have stereotyped props that they will include such as an indie genre song usually includes a guitar, a rap song will include money and a pop song will include a microphone etc.


Costume



 Costume tells the audience a lot about the genre for example in a rap song the costume usually includes the main rapper in baggy clothes with a lot of heavy gold necklaces and rings and will include black clothes with the odd few colours, they will have unusual makeup or face painting on and black finger nails.

PARRI$ in “Fiyah”Hop on the athleisure-glam wave with this PARRI$-inspired look. Taking streetwear above and beyond, the singer and choreographer glamorizes sportswear, mixing staple pieces with fishnets, chokers, and chunky accessories. Say goodbye to basic with this curated costume.

Music video analysis

Forms and Conventions


Genre - R&B

Video - Dealing

Singers - Eric Roberson
               Lalah Hathaway

Date - 2009

Type of video - performance and narrative based                   music video.



Adherence to an R&B music video.
Conventions,

• Starts off with a slow paced beat but then kicks in with a faster based beat when the song gets further in.
• Use of close ups of artists faces.
• Variety of camera angels and techniques, e.g close ups, establishing shots, medium shots, long shots, point of view shot.
• Variety of editing techniques e.g split screen, jump cuts, strobe effects, shot reverse shot, slow motion.
• Stylish clothing and sunglasses.
• Dancing individually ( no specific dance routine ).
• Use of props.

Representation



During Wests line 'this is bad, real bad, Michael Jackson', Hilson is shown mouthing the lyrics and grabbing her crotch in a Jackson-esque main. The line were referring to Michael Jackson's song 'bad'.







As well as throughout this music video the jewellery and expensive shoes worn by the artists in the music video. Represents the wealth and high status. These are the conventions of R&B and Hip-Hop.

All three main-stream artists are represented as high status and portrayed as successful people with lots of money, and showing that this industry of music and songs can get you what you want.


Institutions

Music video institutions are companies who helped produce and fund music videos for their singed music artist, in which we as an audience watches these music videos nearly everyday as we are intrigued to see what new music videos are starting trends on YouTube.

EMI music
Sony music
Universal music
Warner music


EMI is one of the best leading music institutions in the world, EMI brings the artist and fans together by driving action and creating value wherever music is to be experienced. EMI have artists such as The Beatles, Coldplay, Gorillaz, David Guetta and many more. EMI provides for independent labels and artists, with a global menu of commercial services and seamless access to expanding range of revenue streams.

Sony music has a worldwide distribution access for music artist who want to be well-known around the globe, this consists of artists promoting their music in different countries around the world



Music video institutions are companies who helped produce and fund music videos for their singed music artist, in which we as an audience watches these music videos nearly everyday as we are intrigued to see what new music videos are starting trends on YouTube.

EMI music
Sony music
Universal music
Warner music


EMI is one of the best leading music institutions in the world, EMI brings the artist and fans together by driving action and creating value wherever music is to be experienced. EMI have artists such as The Beatles, Coldplay, Gorillaz, David Guetta and many more. EMI provides for independent labels and artists, with a global menu of commercial services and seamless access to expanding range of revenue streams.











Sony music has a worldwide distribution access for music artist who want to be well-known around the globe, this consists of artists promoting their music in different countries around the world to attract a good fan-base that will mainly stock behind them throughout their career.















Universal music group is the worlds largest music content company with market positions, in the recorded music. The recorded music business discovers and develops recording artist and then markets and promotes their music across a wide range of platforms.












For Warner musics side list of new stars and legendary artist, Warner music group is the home to a collection of the best artist and well known record labels in the music industry. Warner music groups artists include James Blunt, Paramore, Kid Rock, Bruno Mars and many more.




Codes and Conventions

The codes and conventions of music videos are the different techniques used to construct meaning in them. As well as these techniques can also be divided into two types which are, technical and symbolic.

Technical Techniques

Technical, how meaning is conveyed using technical equipment, such as the way the camera angles are used, different types of shots, sound either diegetic and non-diegetic sound, the pace and style of editing, and the genre.

Symbolic Techniques

Symbolic techniques are ways of showing meanings beyond when you can see for example through, facial expressions, gesture, poses and mis en scene.

Reasons

The audience can become familiar with a particular genre, as they get used to recognising the different conventions within a genre, it provides a structure that the audience can understand. To ensure the lyrics of the song fit with the video, of how we'd expect it to be.

Codes, Conventions

The conventions of a music video vary depending on genre of music. However, the general conventions include,
The style
The camera
The editing technique
The sound (non diegetic and diegetic)
Mis en scene - props, lighting, costume, hair and makeup, location/setting and colours.
Notions of looking - stereotyping

Props

In most music videos sometimes props are used to illustrate the narrative, and when linking the lyrics with visuals, props are commonly used. The props in a music video add to the entertainment side, and can be used in a fun imaginative way. One music video that uses props to make the video more entertaining is 'Marshmello, Find Me'










Costume

The costume is usually used to represent certain characters in different ways. Different artist would also wear different clothes to represent what they are portraying in the music video. An example of this is with Lady Gaga's music video, she often would wear a lot of dramatic clothing to go with her extravagant image, one being 'Bad Romance'
















Hair and Makeup 


The way an artist is, is done for a purpose, it can also show a characters personality, or be done as a way of attaching the audience. Depending on the target audience. Hair and Makeup is just about style and fashion and whats in, at the current period of time. Its important that the appearance of the artist or actor is of a good quality as they will be looked at by us, the audience. Hair and makeup can be displayed in many different ways which can give of many different ideas for different reasons,.





Location

The location, and scene of a music video can not only show the audience were the artist is, but also can decide on the genre, for instance locations for instance the beach or in a car or at a party. These sort of locations you would usually find in a dance filmed in a street, or modern house. An example is 'Drake, Headlines' the location is very much hip hop related, and you can tell the difference between this video to a pop video.

Target Audience

Demographics.

A demographic is a set of objective characteristics that describe a group of people. People who are willing to listen to or watch your music video. Those characteristics include things like age, gender, class, ethnicity, sexuality, location, and sometimes education and lifestyle. The most important characteristics is age.






Psychographics.

Psychographics segmentation divides the market into groups based on social class, lifestyle and personality characteristics. One example of a life style classification model, is that developed by the advertising agency, Young and Rubican.






Young and Rubican,
The explorer, driven by a need for discovery and a challenge.

The aspirer, materialistic/care more about what others think.

The succeeder, self confidence, strong goal orientation and organised.

The reformer, values their own independence judgement and materialistic.

The mainstream, largest group, core need is security, live in a daily routine.

The struggler, seek escape, live for today, few plans tomorrow.

The resigned, aim to survive, predominantly of all areas.

All about music

After relocating to the UK in the mid-1970s, Mulcahy made successful music videos for several noted British pop acts his early UK credits included XTC's "Making Plans for Nigel" 1979 and his landmark video for The Buggles' "Video Killed the Radio Star" 1979, which became the first music video played on MTV in 1981

1926–1959: Talkies, soundies, and shorts

1926 was when 'talkies' were introduced and many musical short films were produced. Vita-phone shorts featured many bands, vocalists and dancers. Early 30s cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on camera in live action segments during the cartoon.
Musical films were another important precursor to music video, ands several well known music videos have imitated the style of classic Hollywood musicals from the 1930s to the 1950s. A good example is Madonna's 1985 video for 'Material Girl' which was closely modelled on Jack Coles staging of 'Diamonds are a girls best friend'. 

1960–1973: Promotional clips and others

In 1964, The Moody Blues producer, Alex Murray, wanted to promote his version of 'Go Now'. The short film clip he produced and directed to promote the single has a striking visual style that predates Queens similar 'Bohemian Rhapsody' video by a full decade. 

It was the direct model for the successful US TV series The Monkees, from 1966 to 68 which similarly consisted of film segments that were created to accompany variousMonkees songs. The Beatles' second feature, 'Help!' in 1965, filmed in colour in London and on international locations. The title track sequence, filmed in black-and-white, is arguably one of the prime archetypes of the modern performance-style music video, employing rhythmic cross-cutting, contrasting long shots and close-ups, and unusual shots and camera angles, such as the shot 50 seconds into the song, in which George Harrison's left hand and the neck of his guitar are seen in sharp focus in the foreground while the completely out-of-focus figure of John Lennon sings in the background.

During late 1972–73 David Bowie featured in a series of promotional films directed by pop photographer Mick Rock, who worked extensively with Bowie in this period. Rock directed and edited four clips to promote four consecutive David Bowie singles"John, I'm Only Dancing" (May 1972), "The Jean Genie" Nov. 1972, the December 1972 US re-release of "Space Oddity" and the 1973 release of the single "Life on Mars?". The clip for "John, I'm Only Dancing" was made with a budget of just US$200 and filmed at the afternoon rehearsal for Bowie's Rainbow Theatre concert on August 19, 1972. It shows Bowie and band miming to the record intercut with footage of Bowie's dancers The Astronettes dancing on stage and behind a back-lit screen. 

Country music also picked up on the trend of promotional clips to go along with songs. Sam Lovullo, the producer of the television series Hee Haw, said his show presented "what were, in reality, the first musical videos,"while JMI Records made the same claim with Don Williams' 1973 song "The Shelter of Your Eyes." Country music historian Bob Millard wrote that JMI had pioneered the country music video concept by "producing a 3-minute film" to go along with Williams' song. Lovullo said his videos were conceptualized by having the show's staff go to nearby rural areas and film animals and farmers, before editing the footage to fit the storyline of a particular song. 

1974–1980: Beginnings of music television

The Australian tv show 'Countdown' and 'Sounds' both of which premiered in 1974, were significant in developing and popularising the music video genre in Australia and other countries, and in establishing the importance of music video clips as a means of promoting both emerging acts and new releases by established acts. In early 1974, former radio DJ Graham Webb launched a weekly teen-oriented TV music show which screened on Sydney's ATN-7 on Saturday mornings; this was renamed Sounds Unlimited in 1975 and later shortened simply to Sounds. After relocating to the UK in the mid-1970s, Mulcahy made successful music videos for several noted British pop acts—his early UK credits included XTC's "Making Plans for Nigel" (1979) and his landmark video for The Buggles' "Video Killed the Radio Star" 1979, which became the first music video played on MTV in1981.


In 1975, the British rock band Queen employed Bruce Gowers to make a promotional video to show their new single "Bohemian Rhapsody" on the BBC music series Top of the Pops. According to rock historian Paul Fowles, the song is "widely credited as the first global hit single for which an accompanying video was central to the marketing strategy". Rolling Stone has said of "Bohemian Rhapsody": "Its influence cannot be overstated, practically inventing the music video seven years before MTV went on the air."

In 1980, the music video to David Bowie's "Ashes to Ashes" became the most expensive ever made, having a production cost of $582,000 ($1,671,487 in 2016), the first music video to have a production cost of over $500,000. The video was made in solarisedcolor with stark black-and-white scenes and was filmed in multiple locations, including a padded room and a rocky shore. The video became one of the most iconic ever made at the time, and its complex nature is seen as significant in the evolution of the music video.

1981–1991: Music videos go mainstream

In 1981, MTV launched, "video killed the radio star" and beginning an era of 24hrs a day of music on television. Due to this by the mid 1980s, grow to play a central role in popular music marketing. 

In the early 1980s, music videos also began to explore political and social themes. Examples include the music video for David Bowies "china girl" and "lets dance" in 1983 which both explores race issues. In 1983, a 14 minute long video for Michael Jackson's song "thriller" directed by John Landis. Costing US$800,000 to film. Another important development in music videos was the launch of The Chart Show on the UK's Channel 4 in 1986. This was a programme which consisted entirely of music videos. This show then moved to ITV in 1989.

1992–2004: Rise of the directors

Two of the music videos directed by Romance in 1995 are notable for being two of the three most expensive music videos of all time, Michael and Janet Jackson's "scream", which allegedly cost $7 million to produce, and Madonna's "Bedtime Story" which costed $5 million. During this time period, MTV launched channels around the world to show music videos produced in each local market. MTV Latin America in 1993, MTV India in 1996, and MTV Mandarin in 1997, among others. 

2005–present: The Internet becomes video-friendly

2005 saw the launch of the website YouTube, which made the viewing of online video much faster and easier, Google Videos, Facebook and myspace's video functionality use similar technology. Such websites had such a big impact on the viewing of music videos, some artists began to see success as a result of videos seen mostly or entirely online. 

The 2008, video for Weezer's "Pork and Beans" also captured this trend, by including at least 20 YouTube celebrities. 

In 2009 , Thirty Seconds to Mars' music video "Kings and Queens" was uploaded to YouTube on the same day of its release, where it has got over one hundred million views. It also received over forty million plays on MySpace. "Kings and Queens" was featured as iTunes Store video of the week and was one of the most downloaded videos ever to be featured. MTV officially dropped the Music Television tagline on February 8, 2010 from their logo in response to their increased commitment to non-scripted reality programming and other youth-oriented entertainment rising in prominence on their live broadcast. Vevo is a music video website launched by several major music publishers in December 2009. The videos on VEVO are syndicated to YouTube, with Google and VEVO sharing the advertising revenue

Related music videos

These are music videos which are related in some way to my chosen music video, they have links in the way I wish to film my music video or the way the music video is shown, which has similar ideas to how mine hopefully will be. Seeing as my music video ideas are widely spread the related music videos may not have much relation to each other but only to the music video of my choice in some way or another, could be a very small amount.

Bastille - 'send them off'



This song is related to my chosen music video as both start off with an older mans voice introducing the song, as well as it being a high tempo song, as well as drifting in and out of chill to faster passed singing from the lead singer.

The instruments used are swell very similar with both having big instruments such as trumpets which give a good backing sound during the song.

Mendelssohn - 'songs without words'




This song is also related to my music video due to them both having little amounts of words, or none at all